Russia's invasion of Ukraine and Moscow's "weaponization" of energy have placed the diversification of energy supplies high on the agenda of European countries. Although this remains a long and costly process, requiring investment in infrastructure (new pipelines, LNG terminals, etc.), the results are already visible.
In the first quarter of 2022, Russia was the EU's biggest supplier of gas via pipeline, with a 38.8 percent share, just ahead of Norway (38.1 percent), according to Eurostat. But by the first quarter of 2023, Russia's share had fallen by 21 percentage points, while those of Norway (+8 p.p.), Algeria (+7 p.p.) and the UK (+4 p.p.) had all increased.
As for liquefied natural gas or LNG (imported by ship), Russia (18.1 percent) was the EU's second-largest supplier in the first quarter of 2022, behind the U.S. (48.6 percent). A year later, Russia's share had fallen by 5 percentage points. Meanwhile, the shares of Norway (+6 p.p.), Qatar and Algeria (each +2 p.p.) were all up, while that of the U.S. had fallen by 8 percentage points.
Showing posts with label газпрём. Show all posts
Showing posts with label газпрём. Show all posts
Thursday, October 12, 2023
Friday, October 14, 2022
U.S. Heating Costs Expected To Tick up This Winter
A colder-than-average winter forecast and high energy prices will quite significantly raise heating costs for many U.S. consumers this winter, the Energy Information Administration reports in its Winter Fuels Outlook released Thursday.
As the invasion of Ukraine and embargoes against Russian energy products have caused turmoil on global markets, oil price fluctuations are being more immediately passed on to consumers, for example through gasoline or heating oil prices rising quickly. Previously, heating oil consumers had experienced a big dip in cost due to the Covid-19 pandemic slashing global oil demand. In the case of gas and electricity, longer-running wholesale contracts are delaying price swings hitting consumers with full force, even though quickly rising prices in the spot market (where providers can buy energy on short notice) have also caused prices to tick up.
The forecast expects households that heat with oil or gas to experience an increase in cost of 27 percent and 28 percent, respectively, compared to 2021/22. Those that heat with electricity – still the less cost-efficient option compared with gas – will experience prices rising by 10 percent, as electricity is generated from several sources, including but not limited to oil and gas. The report includes full regional breakdowns for gas and electricity heating, showing that gas heating households in the Northeast and Midwest are projected to pay $1,000-$1,100 for the season, while those in the West and South will shell out between $700-$800. For electric heating, costs are expected to hit $1,400-$1,700 in all regions but the South, where they will come in at around $1,250.
Average heating oil expenditures had already been higher in the U.S. as oil use is concentrated in the colder Northeast, where 18 percent of households use it as their primary heating energy. Overall, just 4 percent of the U.S. heats with oil. U.S. energy price increases are still moderate though compared to European markets, where the lack of Russian gas the continent normally relies on has led to an astonishing price rally on the gas and electricity spot markets.
As the invasion of Ukraine and embargoes against Russian energy products have caused turmoil on global markets, oil price fluctuations are being more immediately passed on to consumers, for example through gasoline or heating oil prices rising quickly. Previously, heating oil consumers had experienced a big dip in cost due to the Covid-19 pandemic slashing global oil demand. In the case of gas and electricity, longer-running wholesale contracts are delaying price swings hitting consumers with full force, even though quickly rising prices in the spot market (where providers can buy energy on short notice) have also caused prices to tick up.
The forecast expects households that heat with oil or gas to experience an increase in cost of 27 percent and 28 percent, respectively, compared to 2021/22. Those that heat with electricity – still the less cost-efficient option compared with gas – will experience prices rising by 10 percent, as electricity is generated from several sources, including but not limited to oil and gas. The report includes full regional breakdowns for gas and electricity heating, showing that gas heating households in the Northeast and Midwest are projected to pay $1,000-$1,100 for the season, while those in the West and South will shell out between $700-$800. For electric heating, costs are expected to hit $1,400-$1,700 in all regions but the South, where they will come in at around $1,250.
Average heating oil expenditures had already been higher in the U.S. as oil use is concentrated in the colder Northeast, where 18 percent of households use it as their primary heating energy. Overall, just 4 percent of the U.S. heats with oil. U.S. energy price increases are still moderate though compared to European markets, where the lack of Russian gas the continent normally relies on has led to an astonishing price rally on the gas and electricity spot markets.
The Most Used Energy Sources in Europe
Much of Europe has set itself the goal of switching away from heavily polluting fossil fuels and towards renewable energy sources.
Our chart shows a snapshot of the energy landscape in Europe right now, using data from BP’s latest annual report. It reveals that while there’s some variation in energy types across the bloc, fossil fuels still make up the lion’s share of the energy sources the continent is most reliant on. Exceptions to the rule include France, which stands out for its nuclear power usage, and Denmark, which relies predominantly on renewables - mostly wind energy.
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are the only countries in Europe to rely mostly on hydropower. While this is also a type of renewable energy, BP gives it its own subcategory due to the environmental impact of large-scale hydropower projects. In Iceland and Norway, hydropower makes up more than 60 percent of the countries’ energy supply.
только Дания — а свисту
Our chart shows a snapshot of the energy landscape in Europe right now, using data from BP’s latest annual report. It reveals that while there’s some variation in energy types across the bloc, fossil fuels still make up the lion’s share of the energy sources the continent is most reliant on. Exceptions to the rule include France, which stands out for its nuclear power usage, and Denmark, which relies predominantly on renewables - mostly wind energy.
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are the only countries in Europe to rely mostly on hydropower. While this is also a type of renewable energy, BP gives it its own subcategory due to the environmental impact of large-scale hydropower projects. In Iceland and Norway, hydropower makes up more than 60 percent of the countries’ energy supply.
только Дания — а свисту
Sunday, August 14, 2022
Falling Gas Prices Offer Pain Relief at the Pump
Thanks to weaker demand and a sharp decline in global oil prices, gas prices in the United States have come down noticably from their recent highs, offering some much-awaited pain relief at the pump. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the average price of one gallon of regular (all formulations) fell to $4.04 on August 8, down almost 20 percent from its June peak of $5.01. On August 11, the national average even dropped below $4 for the first time since March, according to data compiled by AAA.
Before the latest decline, gas prices had surged by more than 50 percent since the beginning of the year, leaving millions of Americans who rely on their car with unprecedented pain at the pump.
The previous record, dating back to July 2008, was first surpassed on March 14 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. After the initial shock, prices briefly cooled, but as embargoes of Russian oil were put in place in the U.S. and later in the EU, prices started climbing again. The U.S. leadership, like the governments of other countries that are embargoing Russian energy, have been looking for alternative sources of fuel, but significant amount of surplus shipments have been hard to come by.
Before the latest decline, gas prices had surged by more than 50 percent since the beginning of the year, leaving millions of Americans who rely on their car with unprecedented pain at the pump.
The previous record, dating back to July 2008, was first surpassed on March 14 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. After the initial shock, prices briefly cooled, but as embargoes of Russian oil were put in place in the U.S. and later in the EU, prices started climbing again. The U.S. leadership, like the governments of other countries that are embargoing Russian energy, have been looking for alternative sources of fuel, but significant amount of surplus shipments have been hard to come by.
Saturday, February 26, 2022
Gas Embargo Would Hit Russia Hardest
As the conflict between Russia and Ukraine intensifies and the Russian military is allegedly starting an invasion of Kyiv amid an unfolding humanitarian crisis, the EU, UK and the U.S. are starting putting in place wide-ranging sanctions. These sanctions range from freezing assets of individuals and banning Russian banks from the United Kingdom and the United States to barring Russian investors from trading in EU bonds. In the energy sector, Germany made headlines by putting the certification process of Nord Stream 2 on ice after Russia's aggression. As our chart shows, these types of embargoes would impact the country's economic power the most.
According to simulations by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Russia's gross domestic product would drop by almost three percent if all imports and exports of gas would come to a halt. In 2020 alone, Russia produced roughly 639 billion cubic meters of natural gas, an amount second only to the United States. Roughly one third or 197 billion cubic meters of this production is exported by the country, which makes it the top exporter of this resource by a wide margin. It's also the third-biggest crude oil producer in the world, which explains the 1.2 percent drop in GDP if a total stop of imports and exports of this resource would be enacted.
Even though gas export stops, in particular, would influence energy prices in the EU in the short term, IfW researchers are confident that the repercussions for the Western world would be minimal in the long run. "Our calculations are exemplary in nature, but they clearly show that the medium-term economic consequences of trade embargoes would hit Russia much harder than the Western allies," said Hendrik Mahlkow, a trade researcher at IfW Kiel.
According to simulations by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Russia's gross domestic product would drop by almost three percent if all imports and exports of gas would come to a halt. In 2020 alone, Russia produced roughly 639 billion cubic meters of natural gas, an amount second only to the United States. Roughly one third or 197 billion cubic meters of this production is exported by the country, which makes it the top exporter of this resource by a wide margin. It's also the third-biggest crude oil producer in the world, which explains the 1.2 percent drop in GDP if a total stop of imports and exports of this resource would be enacted.
Even though gas export stops, in particular, would influence energy prices in the EU in the short term, IfW researchers are confident that the repercussions for the Western world would be minimal in the long run. "Our calculations are exemplary in nature, but they clearly show that the medium-term economic consequences of trade embargoes would hit Russia much harder than the Western allies," said Hendrik Mahlkow, a trade researcher at IfW Kiel.
Thursday, February 24, 2022
EU Energy Deficit Surges Ahead of Ukraine Crisis
Following Russian attacks on several Ukrainian cities early Thursday morning, a major escalation of a crisis that has been building for months, European leaders have strongly condemned Russia’s aggression and threatened wide-ranging consequences. As a military intervention still seems unlikely, Western allies will most likely target Russia’s economic lifeblood, i.e. its oil and gas exports.
While a wide-ranging embargo of Russian energy exports would certainly hurt the country, which has been overly reliant on its natural resources for a long time, it wouldn’t be without consequences for the rest of Europe either. By cutting off oil and gas imports from Russia, the European Union would be cutting into its own flesh, as many EU members are heavily reliant on Russian fossil fuels.
As the following chart shows, the EU’s energy trade deficit was already near record highs at the end of 2021, as oil and gas prices surged back from their historical pandemic lows. Considering that the crude oil price averaged $74 in December, hit $100 following the Russian attack and will likely rise further as the crisis unfolds, it looks all but certain that the EU’s energy deficit will grow further, weighing heavily on the bloc’s economic growth prospects.
While a wide-ranging embargo of Russian energy exports would certainly hurt the country, which has been overly reliant on its natural resources for a long time, it wouldn’t be without consequences for the rest of Europe either. By cutting off oil and gas imports from Russia, the European Union would be cutting into its own flesh, as many EU members are heavily reliant on Russian fossil fuels.
As the following chart shows, the EU’s energy trade deficit was already near record highs at the end of 2021, as oil and gas prices surged back from their historical pandemic lows. Considering that the crude oil price averaged $74 in December, hit $100 following the Russian attack and will likely rise further as the crisis unfolds, it looks all but certain that the EU’s energy deficit will grow further, weighing heavily on the bloc’s economic growth prospects.
Why Has the U.S. Sanctioned Russia in the Past?
After Russian President Vladimir Putin announced Monday that his country now regards the two long-embattled Ukrainian regions Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states and that he would station Russian troops there, the U.S. and Western allies are preparing new sanctions against Russia that are expected to be wide-ranging. While Russia has long supported separatists in the two regions to create breakaway states, the international community regards the move as an offense against Ukraine’s territorial integrity guaranteed under international law.
Looking at current U.S. sanctions against Russia as of September, the 2014 invasion of Ukraine and seizure of the Crimean Peninsula is the top reason why the U.S. has sanctioned Russian individuals, organizations or transportation vessels. Around 735 Russian entities are currently sanctioned in connection with the occupation of Crimea and Russian activities in Donetsk and Luhansk, where Russian military involvement also intensified after 2014.
Malicious cyber activities and influence operations are the reason the U.S. imposed sanctions against approximately 170 Russian entities. The activities include cyberattacks for financial gain or on behalf of the Russian government, for U.S. election interference and for undermining other democratic institutions.
Human rights abuse and corruption are a less common reason for sanctions. These initially were levied against those exposed for corruption by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky in 2008 and thought to be responsible for this subsequent death, but have since been extended towards other human rights violators. An unspecified number of Russian entities are also sanctioned in connection with the use of chemical weapons in the poisonings of former Russian intelligence officer Sergei Skripal and others in 2018 and opposition politician Alexei Navalny in 2020. The sanctions under the U.S. Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 extend to individuals and Russian government entities.
Furthermore, around 30 Russian entities – among them banks, oil traders, the state-owned arms exporter Rosoboronexport and subsidiaries of state-owned oil company Rosnef – have been sanctioned for disregarding UN sanctions against North Korea, Syria and Venezuela. Another 23 – mostly vessels – are subject to sanctions because of their involvement in the building of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. The project will not become operational as its approval process has been abandoned, the German government said Tuesday.
While sanctions against organizations and vessels apply to their ability to do trade or sign business or government contracts with the U.S., sanctions against individuals can include the freezing of foreign assets or bans from travel to the United States.
Looking at current U.S. sanctions against Russia as of September, the 2014 invasion of Ukraine and seizure of the Crimean Peninsula is the top reason why the U.S. has sanctioned Russian individuals, organizations or transportation vessels. Around 735 Russian entities are currently sanctioned in connection with the occupation of Crimea and Russian activities in Donetsk and Luhansk, where Russian military involvement also intensified after 2014.
Malicious cyber activities and influence operations are the reason the U.S. imposed sanctions against approximately 170 Russian entities. The activities include cyberattacks for financial gain or on behalf of the Russian government, for U.S. election interference and for undermining other democratic institutions.
Human rights abuse and corruption are a less common reason for sanctions. These initially were levied against those exposed for corruption by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky in 2008 and thought to be responsible for this subsequent death, but have since been extended towards other human rights violators. An unspecified number of Russian entities are also sanctioned in connection with the use of chemical weapons in the poisonings of former Russian intelligence officer Sergei Skripal and others in 2018 and opposition politician Alexei Navalny in 2020. The sanctions under the U.S. Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 extend to individuals and Russian government entities.
Furthermore, around 30 Russian entities – among them banks, oil traders, the state-owned arms exporter Rosoboronexport and subsidiaries of state-owned oil company Rosnef – have been sanctioned for disregarding UN sanctions against North Korea, Syria and Venezuela. Another 23 – mostly vessels – are subject to sanctions because of their involvement in the building of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. The project will not become operational as its approval process has been abandoned, the German government said Tuesday.
While sanctions against organizations and vessels apply to their ability to do trade or sign business or government contracts with the U.S., sanctions against individuals can include the freezing of foreign assets or bans from travel to the United States.
Wednesday, December 30, 2020
gasprom
имхо: в этих колонках вся суть чучхэ ВВП — ориентация на собственные силы, отлично от других презиков, ориентировавшихся на встроенность в экономический глобализм
Sunday, February 3, 2019
good old retirement
| кто все эти люди ? |
Издание ссылается на письмо, адресованное Минтруда в Национальную ассоциацию негосударственных пенсионных фондов (НАПФ). В нем говорится о средствах, накапливаемых в рамках негосударственного пенсионного обеспечения (НПО) — добровольных отчислений граждан в НПФ в счет будущей пенсии. [если их не скамуниздилия в 1ю очередь]
Клиенты, заключившие договоры с НПФ до 31 декабря 2018 года, смогут рассчитывать на начало выплат по ним по старым возрастным критериям. Как отмечает издание, речь не идет о новой законодательной инициативе — члены НАПФ сами попросили Минтруд разъяснить, как поступать с выходящими на пенсию клиентами, которые должны попадать под повышение пенсионного возраста.
Таким образом, повышение пенсионного возраста в целом по стране не должно касаться отношений граждан с негосударственными фондами в рамках НПО. В дальнейшем, по словам Минтруда, такая норма может распространиться и на новые договоры, заключаемые с 2019 года. Этот подход должен повысить популярность самостоятельного накопления на пенсию, считают в ведомстве. Сейчас договоры с НПФ имеют 4,6 миллиона россиян. [служащие гаспрёма?]
С 2019 года в России началось постепенное повышение пенсионного возраста. К 2028 году этот возраст составит 60 лет для женщин и 65 лет для мужчин.
Помимо НПО, в рамках которого граждане самостоятельно платят взносы фондам, НПФ также оперируют средствами накопительной части пенсий (шесть процентов от зарплаты или других доходов), сформированной до 2014 года. На нее указанная мера распространяться не будет.
Thursday, May 31, 2018
Sunday, May 21, 2017
Big Winners And Losers Of Low Oil Prices
оч сильно сумлеваюсь в адек ватнозди кортинко, ибо газонакачной порт в Клайпеде видел своими глазами, но не веръ глазам своим, канешна
тут ничо сказать не могу, но помню
Путин грил: при цене меньше $80, глобальная экономика рухнет
она и рухнула, но не фся, даже в Иране, вроде обошлось, а вот
РФ и Венесуэла пострадали, см.
она и рухнула, но не фся, даже в Иране, вроде обошлось, а вот
РФ и Венесуэла пострадали, см.
Big Winners And Losers Of Low Oil Prices
Friday, December 4, 2015
Gazprom: building a built
в чом прикол?
поясняю:
это улица Филимонова, она перегорожена забором, на дороге стоят домики строителей,
а дорога к стройке (перекрёсток Филимонова и праспект) проложена по газону
справа Александер-плаза, а строится местный гаспрём

поясняю:
это улица Филимонова, она перегорожена забором, на дороге стоят домики строителей,
а дорога к стройке (перекрёсток Филимонова и праспект) проложена по газону
справа Александер-плаза, а строится местный гаспрём

Sunday, August 30, 2015
changing ethnic identities in Ukraine
| Украина душит гаспрём |
Когда я учился в русскоязычной украинской школе Юго-востока в 90-х, то каждое 1 сентября и каждый «последний звонок» сопровождались тихим смехом (во время прослушивания гимна Украины и церемонии поднятия украинского флага). Нам, русскоязычным мальчишкам, которые выросли под остаточным влиянием советского кино и культуры, где была своя фантастика, советские боевики, и мультики, новый «украинский мир» казался провинциальным и даже немного «сельским». Кто-то в школьном ряду даже цинично комментировал это так: «Снова эту тряпку поднимаем?» Потом выходили мальчик в шароварах и девочка в украинских ленточках и рассказывали украинский стих собравшимся русскоязычным учителям, родителям и одноклассникам… Но сегодня есть целое поколение, которое выросло после нас, которое 24 часа в сутки использует русский язык, но очень трепетно относится к гимну Украины, к государственной символике и истории. Почему?ответ в 2х статейках:
Как формировалась украинская политическая нация. Взгляд очевидца
В России нужно создать институты, которые будут изучать феномен ассимиляции русских на Украине
последнее, чтобы выяснить почему украинская этничность сильнее русской, а русская ваще слаба, если так дальше пойдёт, то уступить и белорусской
Saturday, March 28, 2015
where are conspirologies ?
Уже почти сутки прошли, а появилась только одна конспирология, и та -- дрянная, хилая и не впечатляет. А где рука кремля, вашингтонский обком, на англичанка гадит токо намёк, никаких сонских мудрецов и якудзы?
пока что видно токо одно = кому это выгодно, как ни странно не ГВК, а совсем наоборот :)
Wednesday, November 5, 2014
oil v fuel
Цена нефти и бензина из Ведомостей:
Год
|
Средняя цена Аи-92
|
Средняя цена Аи-95
|
Средняя цена барреля Brent
|
Средняя стоимость доллара
|
2008
|
22,38 руб.
|
24,07 руб.
|
$96,94
|
24,81 руб.
|
2009
|
20,36 руб.
|
22,38 руб.
|
$61,75
|
31,68 руб.
|
2010
|
22,37 руб.
|
24,27 руб.
|
$79,61
|
30,36 руб.
|
2011
|
24,71 руб.
|
26,49 руб.
|
$111,26
|
29,35 руб.
|
2012
|
26,89 руб.
|
29,17 руб.
|
$111,63
|
31,07 руб.
|
2013
|
29,43 руб.
|
32,31 руб.
|
$108,56
|
31,82 руб.
|
2014*
|
30,79 руб.
|
33,77 руб.
|
$106,6
|
35,37 руб.
|
* Данные по доллару и нефти Brent в 2014 г. даны по итогам 9 месяцев, по ценам на бензин — до 27 октября 2014 г.
чего в табличке не хватает -- так это бензиновых цен в какой-либо стране, чтобы быть точно уверенным, что своим путём идём
в ЖЖ задавал вопрос жусу, но он не ответил (пака?)
Tuesday, July 15, 2014
metro m
Очередная авария в метро, нормальных каментов почти нет.
Первая версия: обесточился контактный рейс, или скачок напряжения
иш то?
это для школьников/выпускников эпохи ЕГЭ и освящения ракетных двигателей?
потом стали думать:
Первая версия: обесточился контактный рейс, или скачок напряжения
иш то?
это для школьников/выпускников эпохи ЕГЭ и освящения ракетных двигателей?
потом стали думать:
- сбой стрелки, и поезд заехал в тупик
- поломалась колёсная пара
вроде нормализуется, но тут же : препятствие на рельсах --- маловероятно, разве что с потолка плита упала, как сваю в тунель какта забили
ухо м-вы: дало некую статистику, насколько понял из неё --- аварийность увеличилась с появлением Собянина + аварий больше на новых линиях, сравнительно со старыми (до эффекивных гаспрёмофских манагерофф) метро
ухо м-вы: дало некую статистику, насколько понял из неё --- аварийность увеличилась с появлением Собянина + аварий больше на новых линиях, сравнительно со старыми (до эффекивных гаспрёмофских манагерофф) метро
помницо, когда ураган в м-ве был, в кремле крыши посрывало, новенькие, после ремонта, а старенькие на месте остались
то-есть, если в раствор только песок сыпать, то ....
то-есть, если в раствор только песок сыпать, то ....
начальник транспортного цеха уйдёт в отставку?
закономерна ли случайность, или случайна ли закономерность
линьки буду суда добавлять:
закономерна ли случайность, или случайна ли закономерность
линьки буду суда добавлять:
- про коррупцию
- про компетентность
- очевидец (украинец, btw)
- ещё про профсоюз вагоноделов
- Технические аварии в московском метро в 2008-2014 годах
- радиопереговоры МЧС? (есть задымление)
Thursday, May 22, 2014
adequate relations
Путин, в отличие от Си Цзиньпина, считает премьер-министра Абэ договороспособным.
Любопытно: а кто считает Путина договороспособным?
Friday, May 9, 2014
united brotherhood ruby
Хрень, которую они обсуждали с путеным (что-то экспортноэнергеносительное), подписали на условиях Лукашенки.
С победой, бай
Хуже того мингорисполком запретил 8 мая продажу всего небелорускага пива (то-есть, пива.ру в том числе).
Вот --- йопт этто вам не ВТО, это Минск, детка.
упг:
кстате, исчезло и лидское -- видиом, Лида уже не в Белоруссии :(
упг:
кстате, исчезло и лидское -- видиом, Лида уже не в Белоруссии :(
Friday, December 27, 2013
Wednesday, December 18, 2013
eu gas prices map
по наводкe piggy-toy
source, там ещё оч много рациональных размышлений по поводу и без повода:
чем менее савецкая страна, тем дешевле (хотя не все страны, Сербии и Хорватии нет, а жаль)
упг: цена для Сербии -- оч высока
source, там ещё оч много рациональных размышлений по поводу и без повода:
Когда в русскоязычном сегменте интернетов читаешь мнения россиян, да и многих украинцев тоже, о ситуации в Украине, то возникает желание поинтересоваться у его высказывающих их мнением о перспективности использования многомерных пространств Калаби-Яу в М-теории или о подходе Стивена Пинкера к гипотезе Сепира-Уорфа, ну или, на худой конец, там о поисках новой физики на адронном коллайдере. И все эти комментаторы совсем не должны смущаться и умолкать, если они об этом ничего не знают. Ведь, судя по их высказываниям, о ситуации в Украине они тоже не знают нихера, но это им трындеть абсолютно не мешает. Так что не стоит скромничать.Газпрём, таким образом, реализует мстительность в хараактере :(
Ну а пока рассмотрим несколько забавных идей касательно Украины, бродящих по головам не без помощи российской пропаганды...
чем менее савецкая страна, тем дешевле (хотя не все страны, Сербии и Хорватии нет, а жаль)
упг: цена для Сербии -- оч высока
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