Is Airbnb Really Cheaper Than A Hotel Room?

A combination of factors including budget airlines and ride-sharing have made traveling more affordable than ever. Still, when it comes to finding a place to stay, hotel rooms tend to cost a small fortune. Nowadays, there are solutions for people trying to save money thanks to the rise of the sharing economy, particularly websites such as couchsurfing and Airbnb. Both services give hotels a run for their money but how much is Airbnb actually saving people in major cities?

German hotel reservation website HRS released data on hotel prices in major cities around the world with New York the most expensive with a room averaging $306 a night. AirDNA is a website that tracks and analyzes the Airbnb market and according to their data, an Airbnb room in New York would average $187 a night by comparison. That would save travelers an impressive $119 which they could then splurge on all the attractions The Big Apple has to offer. Cooking in an Airbnb flat and avoiding restaurants can also save even more money for budget travelers.

The trend of Airbnb beating the hotel repeats itself in most cities, as can be seen in the following infographic which shows how things stack up in eight major tourist destinations. Choosing an Airbnb in Tokyo for example could save you $127 a night. Of course, some travelers will still prefer to stay in a hotel despite the higher costs, pointing out that it negates the stress of searching for a suitable Airbnb flat, collecting the key and having to integrate and talk with strangers.
Найдите жилье на Airbnb

ни Гонконга, ни Женьшеня

The World's Most Visited Cities

The latest Euromonitor data, as cited by WEF, has revealed the most visited cities in the world for 2017. Top of the list again, and due largely to domestic visits from mainland China, is Hong Kong. A huge 26.6 million people spent at least one night visiting the city last year - a long way ahead of second-placed Bangkok with 21.2 million. Breaking up Asia's dominance in the top half of the list is London, which hosted 19.2 million tourists. Shenzen (почти Шенген) фактически город был основан в 1979 году

The time to decline: tracing a cohort’s descendants in below replacement populations

Pennsylvania State University

Robert Schoen Correspondence: rschoen309@att.net Pennsylvania State University, San Francisco, CA, USA [так в оригинале Genus]

A number of contemporary populations are exhibiting sustained fertility at levels substantially below long-term replacement. Nonetheless, relatively few populations are actually diminishing in size. Here, we approach that apparent paradox by analyzing the time before the number in a birth cohort, and its descendants, falls below the initial number in the cohort. First, models are examined with constant below replacement fertility, cohort extinction at age 75 or 85, and no mortality below the highest age attained. For a net reproduction rate (NRR) of 0.75, it takes 150 years for the cohort’s descendants to be fewer than the cohort’s original size if persons live to age 85, and over130 years if persons live to age 75. If the NRR is at least 0.60, it takes a century before the descendants are fewer in number than the original cohort. Second, projections are done for the USA 2012, Italy 2012, and Hong Kong 2011 assuming that fertility and mortality remain constant. The results resemble the projections. For example, in Italy, with actual mortality and an NRR of 0.70, it takes over 125 years before the descendants of a cohort are fewer in number than the initial cohort. A relatively simple equation for the long term “time to decline” is presented, showing that it depends primarily on the level of fertility, secondarily on longevity, and only modestly on the mean age of fertility.

про дробнозде

Keywords:

Replacement level, Below replacement, Generational succession, Population projection, Population decrease

State of the Union 2018

Сегодня Трамп всех пошлёт, по этому поводу публикуется какбе независимый взгляд на проблемы США(вы бранные места):

Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to see Russia’s power and influence as a major threat (63% vs. 38%). The large partisan gap on views of Russia only emerged after the 2016 presidential election. For several years before that, Republican and Democratic views about the threat posed by Russia were generally similar.

The public is evenly divided over whether the U.S. should “be active in world affairs” or “pay less attention to problems overseas and concentrate on problems here at home” (47% each), according to a July 2017 survey. The share favoring U.S. global involvement has increased from 35% in 2014, the last time this question was asked. A partisan gap has emerged on this question as Democrats increasingly say the U.S. should play an active role globally (56% say this, up from 38% in 2014).

When it comes to dealing with U.S. allies in global affairs, 59% of Americans say the U.S. should take into account the interests of its allies, even if it means making compromises with them; 36% say the U.S. should follow its own national interests even when its allies strongly disagree. While 74% of Democrats say allies’ interests should be taken into account, 54% of Republicans say the U.S. should follow its own interests when there is strong disagreement.

Most Americans say immigrants strengthen the countrywith their hard work and talents (65%), rather than say that immigrants burden the country by taking jobs and other resources. Public views of immigrants have moved in a more positive direction over the past several years.

Despite repeated efforts by congressional Republicans to repeal the 2010 health care law known as the Affordable Care Act, more Americans see the law as having a positive effect on the U.S. than a negative effect (44% vs. 35%), according to a survey conducted in December. The share of Americans saying the law has had a positive effect on the country has increased 20 percentage points since 2013.

The same survey found that 69% of Americans say the federal government should play a major role in ensuring access to health care. Yet only 36% say the government is doing a very or somewhat good job at ensuring health care access, down from 56% in 2015.

Russian external causes' mortality

то, о чём предупреждали, свершилось

презентация книги 29.01.2018 Вишневский и соавторы from rdlj — это ссылки, если вдруг (случайно или из-за помех за пределами территории Советского Союза) embedded работать не будет,может же такое случицо и порой где-то случается

Protect trans people:

gender equality and equity in action

#ProtectTransPeople has surfaced on social media as transgender (trans) civil rights have come into US national discussion. [1] Trans people continue to experience hostility and overt discrimination, as exemplified by US President Donald Trump's proposed ban on trans people serving in the US military [2] and his administration's support of reversal of workplace protections and “bathroom” bills that oppose gender-neutral bathrooms. [3] Gender equality and equity for trans populations is at stake as 16 US states to date have introduced “bathroom bills” restricting access to sex-segregated facilities on the basis of sex-assigned at birth, with 14 states targeting public schools. [4] Efforts to overturn these discriminatory bills rely on protections under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. [4] While these legal efforts are vital, they must be accompanied by multisector public health initiatives.

What can public health professionals—ie, practitioners, researchers, administrators, and advocates—do to protect trans people? Many trans people face difficulties accessing health care, employment, housing, and legal services because of stigma and discrimination against this community. [5] Such prejudice and discrimination can induce stress [6] and are associated with co-occurring negative health outcomes, including HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), [7] depression, suicidal behaviour, [8] and even death. [9] The past 3 years in the USA have been the deadliest years on record for trans communities experiencing hate crimes that largely result in homicide or suicide, especially for trans immigrants and people of colour.9 Global monitoring of violence-related incidences shows homicide cases continue to rise in trans people. [10]

The epidemic of anti-trans discriminatory bills, deaths, and denial of rights [11] demands the attention of the public health community. Public health has the capacity to address the health of trans people through partnerships with multiple sectors, including education, employment, housing, and law enforcement.
There has been a painful history of erasing, pathologising, and stigmatising trans people in medicine and related fields. [12] However, many public health professionals have begun to listen, affirm, and heal relationships with trans communities. Increasingly, health and medical organisations are establishing person-centred care and trans-related health services, including hormone therapy, HIV and STI prevention and treatment, and mental health counselling. [12] Emerging medical and continuing education programmes are improving competency and trans patient-provider relationships. [13] Some have implemented best-practice recommendations, [14] including routinely asking respondents about gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Moreover, some continuing education programmes have created community advisory boards with trans people to inform research and practice. [12]

Public health practitioners and policy makers must continue these efforts and go further. Public health training programmes must start to develop diversity and inclusion action plans that invite trans students and faculty members, and incorporate trans conscious curricula. A 2015 US Transgender Survey national report [5] of more than 20 000 trans adults found prevalent social and institutional-level discrimination in education for trans people. Trans students experience mistreatment both from students and staff, including harassments, physical and sexual attacks, being told to use the bathroom based on their sex-assigned at birth, and being expelled from school. [5] The public health community must reflect on its institutions and practices and encourage trans people in admissions, faculty positions, and curricula. Furthermore, implementation of anti-discrimination policies based on gender identity should be highlighted in staff and student handbooks.
Trans communities experience pressing health-related issues that public health cannot address alone. Partners outside the health sector need to contribute to gender inclusivity efforts. In terms of employment, trans people in the USA have unemployment rates that are three times higher than cisgender people (15% vs 5%). [5] And the poverty rate in the USA is higher in the trans population than in the general population (29% vs 14%). [5] Since employment is a powerful health determinant, public health must collaborate with the labour sector to increase workforce trans representation, including in leadership positions, and create safe and welcoming workplaces with anti-discrimination policies and professional training that allow trans employees to grow in their careers and financially. Furthermore, ensuring trans-related health insurance coverage as part of compensation packages is a crucial step in encouraging trans employees.

In the USA about a quarter of trans people experience housing discrimination, and a third experience homelessness in their lifetime. [5] Public health must engage with the housing sector for solutions that give trans communities safe housing, including implementing anti-discrimination policies, updating housing forms, and familiarising employees with trans people's housing needs. Trans people must be welcomed as tenants and residents.

Criminal justice systems mistreat trans communities. Trans people, particularly trans people of colour or with a history of sex work, can experience mistreatment from police officers, including being harassed and repeatedly addressed with wrong pronouns. [5] Misassignment to prison facilities based on sex assigned at birth is also common, [5] placing trans people at high risk of violence and sexual assault inside prisons. [15] Prison systems can exacerbate risk for HIV-related and STI-related health outcomes. [16] Yet interventions that address police and prison staff's attitudes and practices towards trans people in and out of prison settings are scarce. [16] Public health has the capacity to motivate behavioural, social, and structural interventions that holistically incorporate the criminal justice sector.

We recommend some tangible solutions on how to protect trans people at the institutional-level across sectors (table). These recommendations encourage public health professionals to think and act pragmatically to improve trans health, engage in trans justice work, and promote gender equality and equity. Protecting trans people starts by valuing trans lives. Health professionals can influence the culture of public health. Public health can and should continue to lead in gender-inclusive work and motivate other sectors to do the same. Most importantly, trans people must be included in institutional change efforts. Meaningful engagement of trans communities is vital to achieve optimal health for all people.

Table. Recommendations for trans-inclusive protections at the institutional level across sectors

References

The British 1967 Abortion Act

—still fit for purpose?

Oct 27, 2017, marks the 50th anniversary of the British Abortion Act, written “to amend and clarify the law relating to termination of pregnancy by registered medical practitioners” — на самом деле это длинное (формальное) название. [1] [см ссылку внизу] Amended in 1990 to include selective reduction of a multiple pregnancy, the Abortion Act governs abortion in England, Scotland, and Wales, the first law in western Europe to formally legalise abortion for several indications.

Abortion is common. Worldwide, an estimated 25% of all pregnancies end in abortion [2] and one in three women in Britain will have an abortion by age 45 years. [3] В РФ, пожалуй 2 из 3 In 2016, there were more than 200 000 abortions in Britain. [3], [4] Yet abortion remains controversial—its availability across the world depends less on medical or public health need and more on religious, moral, and political beliefs. Restricting access to abortion does not deter women from seeking one but drives them to unsafe, clandestine procedures from which they may die. In 2011, rates of unsafe abortion were three times higher in countries with more restrictive abortion laws than in countries with less restrictive laws. [5] Abortion laws are generally more restrictive in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs); only 20% of LMICs allow abortion for socioeconomic reasons and 16% on request. [5] Restrictive policies do not reduce abortion rates. In 2010–14, rates were estimated at 34 abortions (90% uncertainty interval 29–46) per 1000 women in countries where abortion is legal on request and 37 (34–51) per 1000 women in countries with no legal grounds for abortion. [2]

Liberalising abortion laws saves women's lives. In Romania, the relaxation of abortion legislation in 1989 led to maternal mortality falling by more than 50% in less than 1 year. [6] An analysis by the Guttmacher Institute of countries that have lifted some restrictions to access over the past two decades showed a decline in abortion-related mortality and morbidity. [7] There is no doubt that in those countries with restrictive laws, 50 years of legislation similar to the 1967 Act would have saved millions of lives.

Nevertheless, the 1967 Abortion Act in Britain is outdated, placing unjustified and time-consuming barriers in the way of women seeking an abortion. Two doctors must give written approval and the procedure must be undertaken in an “approved” place and notified to the Chief Medical Officer. Much has changed in Britain since 1967, when all abortions were undertaken surgically. Abortion today is a simpler and safer procedure: in 2016, 62% of all abortions in England and Wales [3] and 83% in Scotland4 were medical abortions (mifepristone and misoprostol administered in a health-care setting). The National Health Service (NHS) has also changed. Nurses now do colposcopies, cystoscopies, hysteroscopies, and manage women who have miscarriages, including surgical evacuation of the uterus. Despite their competence, nurses are not allowed to carry out the same procedure for a woman seeking an abortion. Home care is available for many NHS procedures, including intravenous chemotherapy and renal dialysis, yet despite good evidence that women can manage their own medical abortion at home [8] this too remains illegal under the 1967 Act.

Many people in the UK mistakenly believe that it is easy for women to get an abortion. Aiken and colleagues [9] documented the experiences of 519 women who over 4 months contacted one online non-profit initiative that provides early medical abortion. The reasons cited by these women were the sometimes insurmountable barriers they met trying to access NHS abortions, including long waiting times, distance to clinic, constraints due to work or child-care commitments, hesitation due to previous negative experiences of abortion care, and perceived or experienced stigma. Many women said they would like the option of self-administering abortion pills in the privacy and comfort of their own home. [9]

If a woman in the UK today ends her pregnancy without the permission of two doctors she can be sentenced to life imprisonment. The availability of abortifacients online makes this scenario more likely than in the past. No other medical procedure in Britain is subject to the same criminal sanctions as abortion. There is growing support for decriminalisation of abortion and for the procedure to instead be subject to appropriate regulatory and professional standards, in line with other medical procedures. [10] In the past 2 years, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the British Medical Association, and the Royal College of Midwives have backed calls for the decriminalisation of abortion—supporting the removal of criminal sanctions associated with abortion in the UK. [10] There is a political reluctance to challenge the 1967 Act for fear, perhaps justifiably, that it may become more restrictive, particularly with respect to the gestational age limit, which is repeatedly raised in Parliamentary discussions on abortion. [11]

The 1967 Abortion Act does not extend to Northern Ireland where abortion care is only provided under very limited circumstances when there is a significant and long-term threat to a woman's physical or mental health. [12] As a result, more than 700 women each year travel from Northern Ireland to have an abortion in other parts of the UK at a huge personal cost. [3] Those who cannot afford to travel to the UK, are forced to use abortifacients bought online, illegally—and risk up to life imprisonment. In 2016, two Northern Irish women were given a jail sentence for buying abortifacients online and then self-administering them. [13] After a decades-long struggle, in June, 2017, the UK Government changed its policy to give Northern Irish women access to free terminations on the NHS in England. [14] Although this is a welcome step in the right direction, women in Northern Ireland should have the same access to abortion care as women in England, Scotland, and Wales. There will always be women who will be unable to travel. For example, women who have families, those who cannot afford to take time off work, and women who do not meet the UK Government's criteria for free travel and accommodation. [15]

Abortion is disappearing from the workload of many gynaecologists in England and Wales and this has led to complacency about its provision and about the law. In Scotland almost all abortions take place in NHS premises, whereas in England and Wales 70% of abortions are now undertaken in the independent sector although funded by the NHS. [3], [4] Most importantly, because abortions are now rarely undertaken in hospitals in England an imminent crisis in service provision is likely because training in abortion care is simply no longer available in the NHS for most junior doctors.

We must never forget that the fight to reform the abortion law took over 30 years and that before 1967 abortion accounted for 14% of all maternal deaths in Britain. [16] The average age of first sex in Britain is 16 years, the average age of first birth 30 years, and most women wish for only two children (some 17% want none). [17] This means that most women spend their fertile lives trying to avoid unintended pregnancy. No contraceptive method is 100% perfect. The reality is that women will always need to access abortion and we need to re-learn how to provide better care. We must ensure that the next generation of girls and women in the UK and across the globe have access to timely abortion care and that this service remains a crucial part of women's health care in 50 years from now.

References

Estimating abortion safety

advancements and challenges

In The Lancet, Bela Ganatra and colleagues [1] present an innovative and important analysis of global abortion safety, in which they attempt to move beyond the binary understanding (safe or unsafe) of abortion safety. As the availability of misoprostol increases, and abortion telemedicine services reach more women worldwide, fewer women are undergoing abortions with invasive or outdated methods and more women are having abortions outside of formal health-care systems. [2] These changes prompt a need for rethinking how we view and measure abortion safety. Therefore, the study by Ganatra and colleagues is very timely.

The approach used in the study, although it had limitations, offers a more nuanced gradation of safety: abortions were classified as safe or unsafe, and unsafe abortions were further divided into less-safe and least-safe categories. This three-tiered classification focused on two technical aspects of the abortion process (abortion provider and method) and is said by the authors to be aligned with the conceptual definition of unsafe abortion used by WHO. However, the safety classification did not consider abortion outcomes, as was recommended by Sedgh and colleages. [3] Outcomes were instead considered by examining the association between abortion safety and case fatality rates.

An editorial [4] on how to operationalise and interpret the WHO definition of unsafe abortion states that, rather than a binary measure, abortion safety should be characterised along a risk continuum, which is affected by contextual factors, such as abortion laws and presence of stigma. The model and analysis used by Ganatra and colleagues did, to some extent, take the social and legal context into account. The authors divided factors affecting abortion safety into five conceptual domains: abortion service delivery environment; legal context of abortion; financial access to services; abortion stigma; and development. However, the model predictors used cannot be said to completely represent these domains because of the unavailability of predictor data. For example, although gender inequality might be the best available proxy for stigma, measures of gender inequality and data on the abortion process (provider type and abortion method) cannot capture all scenarios. Abortion stigma has a substantial impact on access to both safe abortion and post-abortion care. Young women who seek abortion (including from trained providers using evidence-based methods) sometimes turn to unsafe methods to manage bleeding and delay seeking care for complications because of costs and fear of stigma, exposure, and legal repercussions. [5] Not accounting for these types of outcomes results in an incomplete picture. Efforts are needed to measure and quantify abortion stigma to understand its implications for safety and quality of care.

Another issue, recognised by the authors, is the poor association between drug registration and availability. Registration of mifepristone and misoprostol provides no assurance of the drugs being available or of high quality. [6] The emergence of telemedicine services and mifepristone and misoprostol sold on the black market have further confounded the issue. [7] Additionally, information about availability of health-care providers who are willing and able to provide abortion care could be considered for future estimates because these providers are crucial for access to health care. [8], [9] It is unclear whether the proportion of abortions estimated as safe by the authors (54·9%, 90% uncertainty interval 49·9–59·4) would remain the same if data on availability of mifepristone, misoprostol, and health-care providers; stigma; and abortion outcomes had been obtainable and taken into account.

It is remarkable that, despite being preventable, 25·1 million unsafe abortions were estimated to have occurred annually between 2010 and 2014, 97% in low-income regions. Ganatra and colleagues emphasise the importance of liberal abortion laws, economic development, evidence-based medicine, and gender equality for abortion safety. Their findings raise the question of how WHO can work with member states to increase access to safe abortion care and to step up progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The current SDG indicators do not include any specific measures of abortion access, safety, or quality of care, [10] which we believe is detrimental to monitoring progress. It is time to implement evidence-based policies, programmes, and services that promote, protect, and fulfil the sexual and reproductive rights of all individuals worldwide.

KG-D declares no competing interests. AC serves as a part-time consultant to the Department of Reproductive Health and Research at WHO, but was not involved in the study commented on here.

References

1 Ganatra, B, Gerdts, C, Rossier, C et al. Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety: estimates for 2010–14. (published online Sept 27.)Lancet. 2017;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31794-4
View in Article
| Summary
| Full Text
| Full Text PDF
| PubMed
| Scopus (1)
2 Gomperts, RJ, Jelinska, K, Davies, S et al. Using telemedicine for termination of pregnancy with mifepristone and misoprostol in settings where there is no access to safe services. BJOG. 2008; 115: 1171–1175
View in Article
| Crossref
| PubMed
| Scopus (0)
3 Sedgh, G, Filippi, V, Owoabi, OO et al. Insights from an expert group meeting on the definition and measurement of unsafe abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016; 134: 104–166
View in Article
| Crossref
| PubMed
| Scopus (3)
4 Ganatra, B, Tunçalp, Ö, Johnston, HB, Johnson, BR Jr, Gülmezoglu, AM, and Temmerman, M. From concept to measurement: operationalizing WHO's definition of unsafe abortion. Bull World Health Organ. 2014; 92: 155
View in Article
| Crossref
| PubMed
| Scopus (29)
5 Cleeve, A, Faxelid, E, Nalwadda, G et al. Abortion as agentive action: reproductive agency among young women seeking post-abortion care in Uganda. Cult Health Sex. 2017; 11: 1–15
View in Article
| Crossref
| Scopus (2)
6 Cleeve, A, Oguttu, M, Ganatra, B et al. Time to act—comprehensive abortion care in east Africa. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e601–e602
View in Article
| Summary
| Full Text
| Full Text PDF
| PubMed
| Scopus (5)
7 Iyengar, K, Iyengar, SD, and Danielsson, KG. Can India transition from informal abortion provision to safe and formal services?. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e357–e358
View in Article
| Summary
| Full Text
| Full Text PDF
| PubMed
| Scopus (3)
8 WHO. ((accessed June 9, 2017).)Health worker roles in providing safe abortion care and post-abortion contraception. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2015
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/abortion-task-shifting/en
View in Article
9 Arthur, J, Fiala, C, Gemzell Danielsson, K et al. The dishonourable disobedience of not providing abortion. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017; 22: 81
View in Article
| Crossref
| PubMed
| Scopus (1)
10 Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. ((accessed June 9, 2017).)
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Official%20Revised%20List%20of%20global%20SDG%20indicators.pdf
View in Article 

ист: Volume 390, No. 10110, p2333–2334, 25 November 2017

Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity

картинка оч большая, надо пообо ждать, больше, чем тут

ист: Volume 390, No. 10113, p2627–2642, 16 December 2017

Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: 

a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

What Does Play a Role in Unintended U.S. Teenage Births ?

причины/определения внизу (под кортинко) немного пояснены

Из статейки:

Contraceptive Methods, Violent Relationships, Teenagers’ Perceptions Play a Role in Unintended U.S. Teenage Births By Paola Scommenga

Provisional data for 2016 show that the U.S. teen birth rate was 20.3 births per 1,000 females ages 15 to 19. This rate is 9 percent lower than in 2015 (22.3 per 1,000) and 51 percent lower than in 2007 (41.5 per 1,000).1 But other wealthy countries have much lower rates: United Kingdom, 13.9 per 1,000; Canada, 9.4 per 1,000; France, 8.8 per 1,000; and Sweden, 5.7 per 1,000. [РФ 25-27, то-есть, ещё выше, что в развитом мире щетаецо неблагополучием]

...

The researchers used data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) study, which identified a random sample of 18-to-19-year-old Michigan women and interviewed them weekly on their relationships, sexual activity, and contraceptive use for more than two years. The current analysis is based on almost 850 racially diverse participants from the study’s first year.

...
young women from both races used contraception with similar frequency and consistency during the study period, and black women had sex less frequently than their peers.

...

The perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptives and negative or limited experiences with the health care system may contribute to black women's greater reliance on condoms

...
Relationships that lead to pregnancy are more serious (longer lasting and more likely to involve cohabitation) but also experienced higher levels of conflict and violence than relationships that did not lead to pregnancy. 

...

...the men who impregnated women were generally more disadvantaged and had less promising life prospects than all the other men...

...

...mandating father involvement is not always in the children’s best interest...

...

Millennial women have higher rates of infidelity than millennial men

измена

Линолеум/Элениум also known as Generation Y

Among millennials, women are more likely than men to say they’ve had sex with someone other than their spouse while married, a new study shows.

Eleven percent of women aged 18 to 29 say they are guilty of infidelity, the Institute for Family Studies report finds, compared to 10 percent of their male counterparts. [в три раза чаще]

It’s the only age cohort in which women are more likely to say they have cheated than men, and the gender gap quickly reverses and widens in older age groups.

Americans born in the 1940s and 1950s, who grew up during the sexual revolution, have the highest rates of infidelity. [выше нынешняга]

Twenty-four percent of men aged 60 to 69 say they have cheated on a spouse, compared to 16 percent of women in the same age group. Infidelity peaks among men aged 70 to 79, of whom 26 percent say they have cheated, compared to 13 percent of their female peers. [ седина в бороду :) ]

The study, released Wednesday and based on data from the General Social Survey, finds that several demographic factors contribute to cheating, including race, religiosity and party identification.

Democrats are slightly more likely to cheat than Republicans, 18 to 14 percent. People who did not grow up in a household with both parents say they have cheated 18 percent of the time, compared to 15 percent from intact households.

People who attend religious services at least once a week cheat at a 14 percent clip, compared to 19 percent of those who attend religious services once a year or less. [is it a difference?]

Not surprisingly, the data show infidelity has a significant effect on marital breakdown. Among those who cheated on a spouse, 53 percent are currently married and 40 percent are divorced or separated. The divorce rate among those who have never cheated is just 17 percent.

Men who have cheated are also much more likely to be married than women who have cheated. Among men who say they have been unfaithful, 61 percent are currently married, compared to just 44 percent of women. [не взирая]

The report attributes this to the fact that men are more likely to remarry after a divorce than women.

# of COMMENTS=40

More Women Are Mothers

A baby bust. The fertility rate at a record low. Millennials deciding not to have children. There has been a lot of worry about the state of American fertility.

Yet today, 86 percent of women ages 40 to 44 — near the end of their reproductive years — are mothers, up from 80 percent in 2006, reversing decades of declines, according to a new analysis of census data by Pew Research Center on Thursday.

The increase has been especially steep among groups of women who hadn’t been having as many babies: those with advanced degrees, and those who never marry. Today, 55 percent of never-married women ages 40 to 44 have at least one child, up from 31 percent two decades ago, Pew found.

The share of women who have children could drop again if current trends continue. Women are planning to have children at later ages, when they are more likely to have trouble conceiving. And the fertility rate has not rebounded after the recession in the way that many economists expected: The number of babies born per 1,000 women of childbearing age in 2016, the last year for which we have official data, was a record low.

длинная статья в НЙТ:

The U.S. Fertility Rate Is Down, Yet More Women Are Mothers

The biggest increases have come from some groups who in the past were far less likely to have babies: highly educated women, those over 40, and women who have never been married.

By Claire Cain Miller Jan. 18, 2018

alcohol consumption in OECD countries

бутылка, насколько понимаю вычюрноздь инхвографики, это 2015, бар — 2000

Victoria

в МФЦ заполнил заявление чорной гелевой ручкой
приёмщица в окне: надо заполнять синей
— почему
— потому что документ
прямо под плакатом

и чтобы 2 раза не вставать, обнаружил на подъезде:

same sex marriage in Russia

осечка, или заклинило?

В России официально признан брак между двумя мужчинами, который они заключили в Копенгагене

В России официально признан брак между двумя мужчинами — Евгением Войцеховским и Павлом Стоцко, который они заключили в Копенгагене, где однополые браки легализованы. Это не противоречит законам Российской Федерации, рассказал в эфире телеканала «Дождь» Павел Стоцко.

Мужчины зарегистрировали брак в Копенгагене 4 января 2018 года. Документы о регистрации вместе с заверенными нотариальными переводами они подали в многофункциональный центр услуг в Москве. Там им поставили штамп в паспорте на странице семейного положения, подтвердив, что мужчины зарегистрировали брак.

Как следует из семейного кодекса, браки между российскими гражданами, заключенные за границей, признаются в России действительными, если нет обстоятельств, «препятствующих заключению брака, указанных в 14 статье семейного кодекса».

В этой статье говорится, что брак нельзя заключить между близкими родственниками, усыновителями и усыновленными, а также если один из людей уже состоит в браке или был признан судом недееспособным вследствие психического расстройства. Тот факт, что брак зарегистрирован между двумя людьми одного пола, в качестве ограничивающего обстоятельства не указан. 

В пресс-службе управления ЗАГС Москвы на вопрос Дождя, можно ли поставить штамп в российском паспорте, если однополый брак был заключен за границей, сослались на семейный кодекс, в котором говорится, что «для заключения брака необходимы взаимное добровольное согласие мужчины и женщины, вступающих в брак». «Ваш вопрос имел бы смысл в случае, если бы в Семейном кодексе Российской Федерации была использована иная формулировка. Например, “добровольное согласие лиц, вступающих в брак”. Дальнейшее обсуждение Вашего вопроса полагаю нецелесообразным», — ответили Дождю в пресс-службе.

В 2014 году в Санкт-Петербурге зарегистрировали брак между девушкой и трансгеденром. Бракосочетание стало возможным, поскольку трансгендер в тот момент еще не поменяла паспорт и по документам была мужчиной. «Официально это брак между мужчиной и женщиной, но фактически между двумя женщинами», — объяснил тогда представитель ЛГБТ-организации «Выход».

Других сообщений об официально зарегистрированных однополых браках Дождю обнаружить не удалось.

crisis continues

Реальные располагаемые доходы населения в 2017 году снизились на 1,7% по сравнению с предыдущим годом, сообщил Росстат.

Снижение реальных доходов Росстат фиксирует четвертый год подряд. 

Единственный раз в 2017 году этот показатель вырос в январе, за счет выплаты пенсионерам компенсации в пять тысяч рублей. До января 2017 года реальные доходы снижались 26 месяцев подряд.

Минэкономразвития в августе прогнозировало, что по итогам 2017 года реальные доходы вырастут на 1,2%, а в 2018 году — на 2,1%.

Реальные располагаемые доходы населения — это доходы за вычетом обязательных платежей, скорректированные на индекс потребительских цен. 

Political anthropology

уровень тестостерона губернаторов связан со строгостью судебных решений

Чем выше уровень тестостерона губернатора, тем более жесткие наказания выносят судьи, работающие на вверенной ему территории. Это выяснили ученые НИУ ВШЭ и Мюнхенского университета.

В ходе исследования использовалась специальная методика определения уровня тестостерона по соотношению ширины и высоты лица (facial width-to-height ratio — FWHR). Более квадратное и широкое по форме лицо свидетельствует о более высоком уровне тестостерона у человека в период полового созревания и во взрослом возрасте. Это в свою очередь связано с агрессивностью, доминирующим социальным поведением, а также риском. Вычислить FWHR можно с помощью специальной формулы при наличии качественных фотографий лица человека крупным планом.

Изучение связи поведения с гормональными особенностями организма за пределами лабораторных условий представляет большие сложности. И здесь помогает тот факт, что тестостерон в подростковом возрасте отвечает за формирование костной системы, особенно развитие черепа. Соответственно о показателях гормона можно судить по форме лица. FWHR — это соотношение ширины скул (максимальное расстояние между левой и правой границами) к высоте верхней части лица (расстояние между верхней губой и самой высокой точкой века). Чем выше FWHR, тем выше уровень тестостерона. Для того, чтобы вычислить соотношение нужны хорошие фотографии и графический редактор, который позволяет считать длину линий в пикселях.

Исследователи исходили из того, что судебная система в России по факту не является независимой, региональные губернаторы имеют большое влияние на правоохранительные органы и суды. В русском языке даже существует специальный термин «телефонное право», означающий звонки служителям Фемиды от высокопоставленных лиц, которые могут повлиять на исход дела. Социологические исследования показывают, что «телефонное право» до сих пор живо, и практикуется среди судей.

Тест FWHR широко используется в науке. Исследования обычно проводятся среди мужчин, поскольку у женщин роль тестостерона в организме несколько другая. Лабораторные эксперименты подтверждают, что мужчины с более высоким уровнем этого гормона ведут себя агрессивнее и склонны к социальному доминированию. Есть исследования с использованием теста FWHR, которые показывают, как подобные черты влияют на принятие решений в деловой и экономической сфере. Например, доказано, что высокий уровень тестостерона генеральных директоров связан с финансовым мошенничеством. Также в ходе научных работ обнаружилась и положительная корреляция высокого FWHR со склонностью обманывать и ведением переговоров в бескомпромиссном стиле.

В 2012 году анализировались FWHR по фотографиям бывших президентов США. Была доказана позитивная связь маскулинных черт лица с амбициями и стремлениями к достижениям, агрессивной политикой и отсутствием склонности к гибкому и миролюбивому поведению.

В современной России главным популяризатором теории нордицизма (под именем «расологии») является публицист Владимир Авдеев. Свой вклад в расовую теорию внёс также политик и политолог Андрей Савельев, автор книги «Образ врага. Расология и политическая антропология» (2007 год). Публикации Авдеева и Савельева подвергнуты жесточайшей научной критике рядом учёных (например, известным антропологом В. А. Шнирельманом [have a look]

Mortality from external causes in Russia since the mid-20th century

если надо причину, то это причина

Уважаемые коллеги,

приглашаем вас принять участие в презентации книги Института демографии НИУ ВШЭ

Почему смертность от внешних причин в России так высока? Какой вклад она вносит в общую смертность россиян? Правильно ли она учитывается? Как смертность от внешних причин в России выглядит на фоне других стран?
Действительно ли в России снижается уровень убийств и самоубийств? Нужна ли нашей стране Национальная стратегия по профилактике самоубийств? Аварии на дорогах: кто виноват и что делать?
Эти и другие вопросы будут подняты авторами книги

«Смертность от внешних причин в России с середины XX века» 

в ходе ее презентации в стенах НИУ ВШЭ 29 января.

Информация о книге:

Смертность от внешних причин в России с середины ХХ века.
Научный редактор и руководитель авторского коллектива А.Г. Вишневский, М.: Издательский дом НИУ ВШЭ, 2017, 447 стр.

Коллективная монография, подготовленная в Институте демографии НИУ ВШЭ, впервые вводит в научный оборот большой объем статистических данных о смертности от внешних причин в России за последние шесть десятилетий. Долговременные тенденции смертности от внешних причин рассматриваются в контексте незавершенного в нашей стране эпидемиологического перехода. Отдельные главы посвящены смертности от ДТП, самоубийств, убийств, случайных отравлений алкоголем, а также повреждений с неопределенными намерениями. Проанализирована роль внешних причин в смертности пожилых людей. На примере последствий ДТП рассмотрено, сколько лет здоровой жизни теряется не только от смертности, но и от травматизма. Смертность от каждой из групп внешних причин в России анализируется в сравнении с соответствующим видом смертности в зарубежных странах. Большое внимание уделяется методическим аспектам анализа смертности от внешних причин. Прослеживается история изменения классификации причин смерти, входящих в класс внешних причин, в процессе эволюции Международной классификации болезней и причин смерти (МКБ) на протяжении более 100 лет.
Книга предназначена для исследователей и практических работников, для преподавателей, студентов и аспирантов, специализирующихся в области демографии, социологии, экономики, для всех, кто интересуется демографическими и социальными проблемами России.

Дата презентации: 29 января 2018 года
Время и место: Мясницкая, 20, ауд. 101, 12:00-15:00.

Для регистрации заполните, пожалуйста, форму до 12 часов 26 января: или позвоните по телефону +7 (495) 772 95 90 * 11823 (Мария Винник)

Будем рады встрече!

с уважением,
Валерий Валерьевич Юмагузин
м.н.с. Института демографии НИУ ВШЭ

HIV prevalence

2.13. РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ ВИРУСА ИММУНОДЕФИЦИТА ЧЕЛОВЕКА
	2005	2010	2013	2014	2015	2016
Зарегистрировано лиц, в крови которых при исследовании методом иммунного блотинга выявлены антитела к ВИЧ:
всего, человек	328,204	503,724	665,160	742,631	824,706	844,316
на 100 000 человек населения	230,5	352,6	463,5	508,3	563,3	575,6

в предпосте усумнился в правильности терминологии, тут она повернее
удивительно другое: теперь у нас две различные официальные статистики ВИЧ, существенно отличающиеся друг от друга (2015 есть в обеих табличках)

Было подозрение, что, так называемая, база Покровского, на которую ФНМЦ СПИД всегда ссылалсо (и продолжает) — на самом деле фикция, то-есть, в реальности не существует

эй, Русь, дай ответ
кому верить? гендерной статистике или справочнику Здравоохранение

legalisation of pre/non marital relations

МОСКВА, 22 января. /ТАСС/. В Госдуму внесен законопроект, предлагающий ввести в Семейный кодекс РФ понятие "фактические брачные отношения", которым, по сути, незарегистрированные отношения мужчины и женщины приравниваются к официальному браку по прошествии пяти лет совместного проживания пары со всеми вытекающими правовыми последствиями.

Подробнее на ТАСС:
http://tass.ru/obschestvo/4891236

МОСКВА, 22 января. /ТАСС/. В Госдуму внесен законопроект, предлагающий ввести в Семейный кодекс РФ понятие "фактические брачные отношения", которым, по сути, незарегистрированные отношения мужчины и женщины приравниваются к официальному браку по прошествии пяти лет совместного проживания пары со всеми вытекающими правовыми последствиями.

Подробнее на ТАСС:
http://tass.ru/obschestvo/4891236

МОСКВА, 22 января. /ТАСС/. В Госдуму внесен законопроект, предлагающий ввести в Семейный кодекс РФ понятие "фактические брачные отношения", которым, по сути, незарегистрированные отношения мужчины и женщины приравниваются к официальному браку по прошествии пяти лет совместного проживания пары со всеми вытекающими правовыми последствиями.

"Фактические брачные отношения - не зарегистрированный в установленном порядке союз мужчины и женщины, проживающих совместно и ведущих общее хозяйство. Признаками фактических брачных отношений являются: совместное проживание в течение пяти лет; совместное проживание в течение двух лет и наличие общего ребенка (общих детей)", - следует из текста законопроекта, имеющегося в распоряжении ТАСС.

Согласно инициативе, при наличии одного из вышеуказанных обстоятельств союз мужчины и женщины получает статус фактических брачных отношений и влечет наступление прав и обязанностей супругов, предусмотренных семейным и гражданским законодательством.

"По данным Минтруда, 2016 год стал годом с минимальным количеством официально зарегистрированных браков в Российской Федерации за последние 20 лет. Также, как и в большинстве зарубежных стран, наши соотечественники не считают штамп в паспорте необходимым условием для создания полноценной семьи. Более того, как показали недавние опросы, россияне даже не разделяют понятия брака незарегистрированного и брака официального. Однако с точки зрения закона так называемое сожительство не признается и не порождает никаких юридических последствий, что ставит членов подобного союза в весьма уязвимое положение", - отмечает автор инициативы сенатор Антон Беляков. [статистику надо подтянуть, прафсе натор]

Он считает, что институт фактических брачных отношений должен признаваться со стороны государства и подлежать определенной степени защиты, как это имеет место в иностранных государствах, к примеру в Швеции, Нидерландах, Норвегии, Франции и Германии. В качестве первого шага на пути легитимации таких отношений сенатор предлагает распространить на имущество, нажитое в период совместного проживания, "законный режим имущества супругов".

для сравнения: другой способ рассуждения

"Это означает, что, если мужчина и женщина не заключили договор, то все имущество, нажитое ими в период сожительства, будет признаваться их совместной собственностью. К мужчинам и женщинам, состоящим в фактических брачных отношениях, будут предъявляться те же требования, что и к лицам, планирующим зарегистрировать брак: они должны достичь брачного возраста, не состоять в другом браке и не являться близкими родственниками", - сообщил парламентарий.

Антон Беляков и танки

alcohol prevalence by age

2.16. Распространенность употребления алкогольных напитков у женщин и мужчин по возрастным группам в 2014
По данным Комплексного наблюдения условий жизни населения; в процентах
Лица в возрасте 15+, употребляющие алкогольные напитки	Женщины	Мужчины	Распределение по полу
			женщины	мужчины
	100	100	48,9	51,1
в том числе в возрасте, лет:
15-19	1.3	1.6	44.9	55.1
20-24	5.6	5.9	47.7	52.3
25-29	9.8	10.9	46.3	53.7
30-34	10.7	11.2	47.8	52.2
35-44	21.0	20.5	49.5	50.5
45-54	21.0	19.6	50.7	49.3
55-59	11.0	10.6	49.8	50.2
60-69	13.6	13.7	48.7	51.3
70+	5.8	5.9	48.4	51.6

Ну, преваленс же?
Не употребляли лиже впервые в жызне
Другое измерение потребления алкоголя (по выпитому)